Joint contact forces during barefoot, minimal and conventional shod running are highly individual
https://gyazo.com/d31315221728700f5596f0831031024d
Fig. 1 Joint flexion angles (left) and joint contact forces (right) per footwear condition as a function of the stride cycle during walking at 2.0 m/s. Values are averaged over all steps of all subjects (n=16) for the hip (top), knee (middle) and ankle (bottom) per condition. Barefoot
Kloock L, Arensmann A, Graaf ML de, et al (2025)
Joint contact forces during barefoot, minimal and conventional shod running are highly individual.
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The supposed benefits of barefoot running are an often debated topic, with many studies investigating footwear influences on the kinematics and kinetics of running. Few studies, however, have analysed the effect on joint contact forces (JCFs). In this study, we investigated the influence of different footwear on the JCFs of the hip, knee, and ankle during running using a 3D musculoskeletal model. Kinematics were recorded from 16 volunteers while running on a treadmill at two speeds (2.0 m/s and 2.5 m/s) either barefoot (BF), wearing minimal shoes (MM), or normal shoes (NS). Alongside the JCFs, stride parameters and joint angles were examined using a generalised linear mixed model. Results showed a decrease in the hip JCF from BF to MM to NS, no consistent changes in the knee and an increase from BF to MM to NS at the ankle. However, these changes mostly had small effect sizes, so it’s unclear how relevant they are. The individual responses were much larger and showed opposite effects, indicating that the effects of footwear are highly individual and probably depend on the running style and characteristics of each runner. ### 🔍 研究目的
* \*\*異なる履物（はだし、ミニマルシューズ、通常のシューズ）**がランニング中の**股関節・膝・足関節の関節接触力（JCF: Joint Contact Forces）\*\*にどう影響するかを調査。
### 🧪 方法
* **被験者**：16名
* **条件**：トレッドミルで2つの速度（2.0 m/sと2.5 m/s）で走行
* **履物条件**：はだし（BF）、ミニマルシューズ（MM）、通常シューズ（NS）
minimalist shoes (MM) (Minimus TR, NewBalance, Warrington, UK) andnormal running shoes with a large midsole (NS)(Gaviota 4, Hoka One One, London, UK).
* **分析**：3D筋骨格モデルを用いて、JCF・歩幅などのストライドパラメータ・関節角度を分析
### 📊 主な結果
* **股関節JCF**：BF > MM > NS（つまり、はだしが最も大きく、通常シューズが最も小さい）
* **膝JCF**：一貫した変化は見られなかった
* **足関節JCF**：BF < MM < NS（つまり、通常シューズで最も大きい）
* ただし、**これらの変化の効果量は小さく、有意性や臨床的意義には疑問がある**
### 🔄 個人差
* 被験者ごとの**反応のバラつきが非常に大きく**、傾向が逆転するケースもあり
→ **履物の影響は個々のランニングスタイルや身体的特徴に大きく依存する**
### 📝 結論（要約）
履物による関節接触力の変化は平均的には小さく、個人によって全く異なる結果になる。したがって、シューズの選択による影響は、**個人の走り方や体の使い方に応じて評価すべき**であり、一般化は難しい。